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Mitochondria undergo "few mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization" (miMOMP) in senescent cells, causing mitochondrial permeability DNA Released into the cytoplasm, triggering inflammation and age-related secretory phenotypes. Mitochondrial dysfunction not only leads to insufficient energy supply and fatigue, but also affects the immune system through inflammatory reactions, accelerating the aging process.

NAD+， Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a key metabolite and coenzyme present in every cell of the human body. This small molecule functions under the catalysis of over 300 enzymes, participating in metabolism, redox reactions DNA Multiple physiological processes including maintenance and repair, gene stability, and epigenetic regulation.

NAD+ Represents nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. From single celled organisms such as bacteria to complex multicellular organisms such as primates, NAD+ It is one of the most abundant and crucial molecules.